UNIX 盽ノ
UNIX常琌Α瞷:
command [options] [arguments]
UNIX 匡兜 (option) 琌菠だ秨癸秸竚挡癬ㄏノ, ㄒ "ls -alF", "ls -lFa", "ls -a -l -F" 琌妓ㄤㄌㄏノ┦借だざ残
Τ闽絬琩高
1.man ノㄓざ残 UNIX ╰参㏑冈灿ノ猭
Αman command
command UNIX ┮钡㏑
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
man man
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
man pwd
*Τ盽ノ slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> man sectionnumber command
2.man -k keyword ㎝ keyword 闽┮Τ絬ㄏノもず甧
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
man -k gets
3.who 琩高ヘ玡秈╰参ㄏノ戈癟
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> who
诡Τㄇㄏノ
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
w
ㄤㄏノ暗ぐ或
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
who
kjmo pts/1 Feb 22 19:17 (steal.ee.nthu.edu.tw)
yflee pts/3 Feb 23 21:09 (libra.ee.nthu.edu.tw)
rfhuang pts/2 Feb 24 07:59 (hideo.ee.nthu.edu.tw)
clsu pts/9 Feb 24 09:18 (slugger)
jrhuang pts/10 Feb 24 09:26 (vampire.ee.nthu.edu.tw)
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
w
User tty
login@ idle JCPU PCPU what
kjmo pts/1 Sat 7pm
13 1
rlogin
zone
yflee pts/3 9:09pm 23
telnet queue.cic.edu.tw
rfhuang pts/2 7:59am 1
5
-tcsh
jrhuang pts/4 9:26am 16 1 -tcsh
clsu pts/9
9:18am 3 w
4.finger 琩高ヘ玡秈╰参ㄏノ戈癟–SERVERΤ杆琌狦稱璶fingerㄤ诀ㄏノ癸よ诀穦盢す砛パ
ㄤ诀ㄓfinger闽超獽礚猭磅︽祅server﹟磅︽
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> finger
Login Name TTY Idle When Where
kjmo Kai-Jiun Mo pts/1 6:58 Sat 19:17 steal.ee.nthu.edu.tw
yflee Yen-Fong Lee pts/3 12 Sun 21:09 libra.ee.nthu.edu.tw
clsu Chin-Lung Su pts/9 Mon 09:18 slugger
5.date 陪ボ瞷ぇるら丁の琍戳
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> date
Sun Feb 23 22:31:47 CST 2003
6.quota ㄏノㄏノぇ合盒丁(Kbyte)の郎计琩高
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> quota -v
Τ闽郎㎝ヘ魁
1.pwd 瞷ヘ魁
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> pwd
┮陪ボ︽┮ボ
/home/users/clsu
2.ls ヘ魁ず郎嘿
Αls [options][directory][file]
options:
-a 场郎
-l 郎贺戈癟
-g 郎┮妮竤砰嘿
-t 郎ㄌら戳逼璝⊿﹚玥ㄌ郎逼
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
ls
dir1 file.1
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
ls -a
. .login file.1 dir1
.. .cshrc file.2 dir2
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
ls -lg
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 3 f8701001 student
2048 Oct 14 10:30 bin
-rwxr-xr-x
1 f8701001 student
233 Sep 11 09:38 letter
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
材︽total 4 ボ┮binletter ┮癘拘砰甧秖block虫
Τ闽–ヘ魁郎戈癟弧:
|
- rwxr-xr-x |
1 |
student |
233 |
Sep 11 09:38 |
letter |
|
(1) (2) |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
8 |
1郎篈
d ヘ魁
c じΑ疭郎
b 跋遏Α疭郎
l 渺挡郎计
- 郎
s socket 郎
2ㄏノ舦ボ街Τ舦弄のㄏノ郎眖オ3じ舱 だΘ竤砰のㄤウ场ㄤい
r 弄
w 糶
x 磅︽
- 癸莱兜ヘ笆ぃ砆磅︽
3渺挡Ω计琌渺挡赣郎计ヘヘ魁τēボ郎╰参いヘ魁计
4郎局Τ赣郎局Τ
5じ计郎じbyte虫
6程Ωэら戳籔丁郎程Ωэら戳籔丁
7郎嘿
3. mkdir ミヘ魁
Αmkdir directory1 [directory2 ...]
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> mkdir dir1 dir2
4.cd э跑ヘ玡ヘ魁
Αcd [directory]
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> cd dir1
5.mv 簿笆┪э郎嘿
Αmv [options] file1 file2
mv [options] file dir
options:
-i 磷滦籠Τ郎
-f 眏滦籠Τ郎
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
mv file.1 file.2
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
mv -i file.2 file.2
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
mv -f file.2 file.3
6. rm 埃郎
Αrm [options] file1 file2 file3 ...
options:
-i 埃郎玡穦高拜
-f 眏埃郎
-r 埃ヘ魁のㄤ┮Τ郎ヘ魁
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> rm file.1 file.2 file.3
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
rm -r dir1
*ノ rm 埃郎盢ッ砆埃毕ぃㄓ
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> rm -i test.txt
*rm: remove test.v (yes/no)?
slugger [clsu 10:36pm] ~>
7. rmdir 埃ヘ魁
Αrmdir directory
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> rmdir dir1
*砆埃ヘ魁ゲ斗琌ョぃヴ郎┪Ωヘ魁
8.cp 狡籹郎
Αcp [options] file1 file2
cp [options] dir1 dir2
cp [options] file directory
options:
-i 磷滦籠Τ郎
-r 称ヘ魁のㄤ┮Τ郎ヘ魁
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> cp file.1 file.2
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
cp file.1 dir1
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
cp -r dir1 dir2
9. chmod э郎ㄏノ舦
Αchmod mode filename ...
mode Τ ㄢ 贺
荡癸家Α2秈ボ猭
秨币赣1ボ闽超玥ノ0
modeだ逆ㄌだ琌郎局Τ郎┮妮ぇ竤舱のㄤㄏノ
–逆3bit秈计–bitぃㄌ琌弄糶の磅︽
|
C |
秈ボ猭 |
|
郎局Τ |
郎┮妮ぇ竤舱 |
ㄤㄏノ |
|
400 |
100 000 000 |
r-- --- --- |
弄 |
X |
X |
|
777 |
111 111 111 |
rwx rwx rwx |
弄糶磅︽ |
弄糶磅︽ |
弄糶磅︽ |
|
700 |
111 000 000 |
rwx --- --- |
弄糶磅︽ |
X |
X |
|
711 |
111 001 001 |
rwx r-- r-- |
弄糶磅︽ |
弄 |
弄 |
才腹家Α ㄤΑ
[who] op permission [op permission] ..
who 琌
u 郎局Τ舦
g 郎┮妮竤砰舦
o ㄤウㄏノ舦
a 场ㄏノ舦
*狦菠把计玥箇砞 a
op琌
+ 秨舦
- 舦
= 砞﹚舦
permission 琌
r 弄舦
w 糶舦
x 磅︽舦
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> chmod o-w file 闽超ㄤウㄏノ癸 file 糶舦
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> chmod 700 file 度郎局Τ癸 file 暗弄糶 磅︽笆
1. more 陪ボ郎ず甧 –Ω度陪ボ棵辊ぇ郎ず甧
Αmore [options] filename
options:
+line number 眖材 n ︽秨﹍陪ボ
+/pattern 眖Τ pattern 玡ㄢ︽秨﹍陪ボ
-d 砞﹚︽计
moreい盽ノぇ
space 龄 ┕辈笆棵辊
enter 龄 ┕辈笆︽龄计 enter
辈笆﹚ぇ︽计
q 龄氨ゎ块
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> more -d20 more.man Ω陪ボ
20 ︽
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
more +50 more.man 眖材 50 ︽秨﹍陪ボ
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
more +/terminal more.man 眖Τ terminal 玡ㄢ︽秨﹍陪ボ
2.head 眖郎秨﹍陪ボn︽戈
Α:head [-n] [file]
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> head file1 陪ボ玡 10 ︽戈,狦⊿Τ﹚计,箇砞
10 ︽
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> head -20 file1 陪ボ玡 20 ︽戈
3.tail 眖郎Ю玡衡癬陪ボ n ︽戈
Α:tail [-/+n][files]
Option:
+ 眖材 n ︽秨﹍陪ボ
- 眖郎Ю玡衡癬陪ボ n ︽戈
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> tail -20 file 1
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
history |tail -5
1.which 琩高琘磅︽郎 path êヘ魁
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> which vi
/usr/ucb/vi
2.find 碝т郎
Α:find path expression
Option:
-name filename Τ filename で皌瞷郎嘿玥痷 -print 陪ボ郎嘿
-type
dヘ魁;
f郎;
cじ疭郎;
b跋办疭郎;
l才腹硈挡郎
-exec command
-size n
-user
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> find тㄏノヘ魁┏┮Τ.c郎
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
find 盢ㄏノヘ魁┮Τ郎0郎埃
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
find 盢ㄏノヘ魁┮Τヘ魁郎
3.grep 眖琘郎い, т才兵ン戈
Α: grep [option] pattern filename
Option:
-c 陪ボ才兵ン计
-i ┛菠糶
-n 陪ボ︽腹
-v 陪ボぃ才兵ン戈
-w 盢 pattern 跌 (Word) ㄓ矪瞶
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> ps -aux |grep elm т
process い,Τ elm 泊 process
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
grep -n meeting * ヘ玡ヘ魁,тΤ meeting 泊郎琌赣郎材碭︽
grepㄇ莱ノ:
(1)slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> grep 'thing' file1 赣︽いΤ thing 泊,赣︽Τ thing, things,somethings 璶Τ thing 盢ㄤ
(2)slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> grep 's.nd' file1 传ヴじ,璶琌 s 秨繷 nd挡Ю, 常盢ㄤ, ex:sand or send
(3)slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> grep '[l -s]end' file1 l, m, n...sじ秨繷, end挡戈︽, ex:lendmendsend
(4)slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> grep '[Mm]end' file1 Mend or mend 戈
(5)slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> grep '^some' file1 some ︽秨繷戈, ex:someone or somewhere
(6)slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> grep '\' file1 !Τ戈︽
1.wc 璸衡郎计, 计のじ计
Α:wc [option][filename]
Option:
-l 璸衡计(Line)
-w 璸衡计(Word)
-c 璸衡じ计(Character)
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> wc file1
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
who |wc -l
2.diff ゑ耕ㄢゅ郎畉
Α:diff finename1 filename2
Option:
- 眖夹非块弄
-b ┛菠玡竚
-d ㄥ抖, 度ダ计Τ
-n 计ㄓ暗逼
-r reversはよ抖逼
-o 盢outputま计い﹚郎, 玥
sort 穦盢逼挡狦癳棵辊陪ボ
-tc 逆丁じ c ㄓだ秨
+1[-2] 铬筁n1逆, 材 n2 逆ゎ, 暗逼
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> sort -b +1n file1
3.strings т磅︽郎┪戈郎ずΤêㄇ ASCII じ
Α:stings [-][-o][-number] filename.....
Option:
- 浪琩郎ず┮Τず甧, 璝ぃ匡兜玥Τ浪琩磅︽郎ずΤ﹍て场ず甧τ
-o ┮тASCIIじ郎ず竚
-number 讽硈尿 ASCII じ
number 计盢ㄤ, 璝ゼ疭砞﹚箇砞 4
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> strings -o a.out
1. alias
1alias 盢㏑ノ
Αalias alias_name command
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> alias ls 'ls -al'
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
ls
*磅︽ ls 跌磅︽'ls -al'
*盢 alias 砞﹚.cshrc郎ず琵–Ω秈╰参硂ㄇ砞﹚ッ环Τ
2unalias alias 砞﹚
Αunalias alias_name
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> unalias ls
3ョ盢计㏑挡癬ㄓ
Αalias alias_name 'command;command;....'
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> alias status 'date;uptime'
4 alias ノ \!* ㄓ肚把计
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> alias L 'ls -l \!* | more'
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> L /tmp 跌磅︽'ls -l /tmp | more'/tmp alias Lい \!*
2.ㄤウ
1 э跑ヘ魁㎝郎倍畖
. ヘ玡┮ヘ魁
.. ヘ玡┮ヘ魁糷ヘ魁
ㄏノヘ魁
/ ヘ魁
*皌 lsrmmvcp...单艶笲ノ
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> cd .
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
cd ..
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
mkdir
2郎じ
* 舱じ
? じ
[ ] [ ]ず羭続讽じ
- [ ]ず﹚絛瞅
examples:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> ls -l *.c 瞷ヘ魁い┮Τ .c 郎
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> ls [a-z]* 瞷ヘ魁い┮Τ ab...z 秨繷郎
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
cp [abc]* dir 盢 abc 郎称dirヘ魁
UNIX 琌穨╰参, ウㄑㄏノ矪瞶计穨 (Job)– Job 玡春 (Foreground) ┪璉春 (Background) 穨
Foreground jobs:ゲ斗单㏑磅︽Ч, ╰参す砛块㏑
Background jobs:ぃゲ单㏑磅︽Ч, ╰参瞷矗ボ才腹,
矗ボ块 ㏑㏑ゲ斗
"&" 才腹
1.command& 盢饼磅︽㏑(祘Α), 璉春穨磅︽
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> fc myprog.f&
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
who |sort > list
| 琌盢ㄢcommand硈尿ㄏノ硄盽虏獽и巨
*狦 .cshrc 郎ずΤ set notify ㏑,
玥╰参穦[Done]ㄓ陪ボ璉春穨磅︽Ч拨
2.job ╰参┮Τ Background job
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> mail user1
Ctrl-z
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
cat > file.1
Ctrl-z
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
vi
Ctrl-z
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
jobs
[1] Stopped mail user1
[2] - Running cat
> file.1
[3] ∮ Stopped vi
(1)(2) (3) (4)
(1) job number 腹
(2) + ボ current job
- ボ next current
(3) – job ヘ玡磅︽猵
(4) job 穨ず甧
3.fg 币笆砆既氨 job, э玡春穨
Α: fg %job_number
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> fg 币笆 current job, э玡春穨
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
fg %1 币笆 job1, э玡春穨┪ %%1 ョ
4.bg 币笆砆既氨 job, э璉春穨
Α:bg %job_number
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> bg 币笆 current job, э璉春穨
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
bg %1 币笆 job1, э璉春穨┪ %%1& ョ
5.stop 既氨タ磅︽ job
Α: stop %job_number
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> stop %2
6.ps 陪ボヘ玡╰参 process 猵
Α: ps [option]
Option:
-a 陪ボ场 process
-u 陪ボ process ㄏノ
-l 陪ボ process 癟
w р︽祘陪ボㄓ, パよ棵辊糴Τ,
禬筁场╰参穦笆ち奔, w 稶陪ボ碞稶
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> ps
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND
12536 P2 S 0:00 -csh(csh)
12539 P2 TW 0:00 mail user1
12540 P2 TW 0:00 cat
12541 P2 TW 0:00 vi
12549 P2 R 0:00 ps
弧:
PID – process 絪腹
TT 沧狠诀絪腹
STAT process ヘ玡猵
R running
T stopped
I idle
P page wait
S sleep
TIME ㄏノ CPU 丁
7.kill 埃 job
Α:kill %job-number ┪ kill pid
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> kill %3
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
kill 8122
*狦﹟礚猭睲埃 job 玥玥эノ kill -9 kill
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> kill -9 8122
UNIX ╰参い, 计, ず﹚︽龄絃块戈, τ盢块陪ボ沧狠诀棵辊, 龄絃嘿夹非块 (Stabdard Input), 沧狠诀棵辊嘿夹非块 (Standard Output)ㄏノㄏノ贺ㄣΤ﹚よ疭┦ㄓэ硂ㄇず﹚笆, 盢ㄤ块/棵辊龄э郎┪ㄤウ砞称, τ㏑ぃ斗暗ヴэノ﹚よ疭┦, и暗笆:
盢块セ莱陪ボ沧狠诀棵辊祘Α, э块倒﹚郎,ㄒ:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> date > state
盢祘Α块, 讽Θ祘Α块戈
1.>﹚夹非块よ
Α:command >newfile
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> ls -al > list
*盢 ls- al ㏑块 list 郎い
*璝盢块锣郎, 穦р郎ず甧籠奔, 磷贺薄猵祇ネ,叫ㄆ
set noclobber ㏑, ┪盢㏑ .cshrc 郎, 礛磅︽ slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> source
.cshrc
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> set noclobber
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
date > list
list: file exists
*ノ >! 眏 overwrite
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> date > !list
2. >> ﹚㎝夹非块
Α:command>>file
硓筁 ">>" 才腹, 盢㏑块郎ぇ
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
date > list.new 盢 date ㏑块 list.new 郎い
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
pwd >> list.new 盢 pwd ㏑块list.new 郎い
3. < ﹚夹非块よ
Α:command < file
硓筁"<"才腹ㄓ旧㏑块砞称
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> mailx user1 < letter
4. tee 摸 T 恨, 盢夹非块肚癳夹非块, 郎
Α:tee [option] [filename]
Option:
-i ┛菠い耞璶―
-a 盢块郎ぇ
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> date | tee stat1 stat2 stat3 盢 date output だ stat1stat2sata3 τ陪ボ棵辊
5.祘Α硈挡
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> ls -al > file.list 盢 ls -al 块 file.list 郎
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> pr <file.list> temp 盢郎硓筁pr暗ゅン矪瞶, 盢矪瞶Ч戈 temp 郎
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> lp < temp 盢 temp 郎ㄓ
6.| 硈挡㏑
Α: command | command
琘㏑块钡㏑块
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> ps -aux | more
7.ㄤ莱ノ
(1)ノ cat ミ穝郎
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> cat > work.txt
......
......
Ctrl-d 挡
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~>
1.split盢郎だ澄
Α:split [-n][filename]
Option:
-n 箇砞 1000 ︽
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> split -66 document
盢郎 document だ澄Θ 66 ︽郎, ㄤ郎だ xaa, xab, xac....
2.file ∕﹚郎摸
Α:file filename
Example:
slugger [clsu 10:30pm] ~> file *
3.溃罽 tar,compress and gzip
ㄏノよ猭盢ヘ魁┪郎称:
tar cf backup.tar doc tar cf files.tar doc1 doc2 file1 file2
硂妓 tar file ノ compress 溃罽
compress backup.tar
挡狦穦眔
backup.tar.Z. 秆秨, 秆溃罽, 秆秨 tar file.
uncompress backup.tar.Z tar xvf backup.tar
ノ pipe よ猭
zcat *.tar.Z | tar xvf -
斗︽.
狦ㄒ
v 硂 option (tar xvf), ┮矪瞶郎穦
display ㄓ.
瞶, 狦琌辨狡籹ヘ魁ず甧, τぃ稱玻ネ tar file, ノ
tar cf - fromdir | (cd todir; tar xvfBp -)
ㄓ暗.
GNU tar 琌 GNU project ┮祇甶 tar セ (our system has GNU tar :) ), 程矪琌ㄣΤ絬溃罽.
璶糤 z 匡兜.
tar zcf backup.tar.gz doc tar zxf backup.tar.gz
穦ノ
gzip 秈︽溃罽/秆溃罽. 狦ノ Z 匡兜, ノ compress Αㄓ溃罽/秆溃罽.
tar Zcf backup.tar.Z doc tar Zxf backup.tar.gz
┮ノㄒ,
compress file uncompress file.Z
暗溃罽/秆溃罽. compress ┮玻ネ溃罽郎捌郎
default filename.Z.
GNU 妓Τ溃罽祘Α, gzip.
gzip file gzip -d file.gz
gzip ┮玻ネ溃罽郎捌郎 default filename.gz. ノ tar 籔 gzip
tar cvf - files | gzip -9 > tarfile.tar.gz
gzip -9 ボ荷溃罽.